Challenges and opportunities for energy system modelling to foster multi-level governance of energy transitions

Achieving the swift energy transition necessary to meet global climate ambitions requires concerted action across governance scales, from municipal authorities national governments. Decision-making is often closely informed by system modelling, making models a crucial tool foster multi-level that based on mutual understanding and coordination scales. Here, we review 186 modelling studies identify challenges opportunities for community take into account facilitate systems. We show current practices typically focus aim support single scale, largely overlooking nature of governance. Embedding throughout process entails significant obstacles but ensuring such approaches continue provide timely salient decision-support.